亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

春大豆鼓粒期冠层翻叶原因及翻叶对叶片净光合速率和粒重的影响

为明确春大豆鼓粒期冠层翻叶原因及翻叶对粒重的影响。在大田条件下,以28份大豆品种为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了鼓粒初期植株顶部4片叶的单叶面积、比叶重、叶型指数、叶片含水量与翻叶率的关系;比较了翻叶与对照叶片的净光合速率、百粒重及粒重的差异。结果表明,不同大豆品种间翻叶率在0~26.5%之间,且差异显著,其中以‘中黄313’、‘中黄42’和‘中黄13’最高;单叶面积在46~151 cm²之间,其中以‘中黄39’、‘中黄42’和‘中黄13’最大;比叶重在0.536~1.64 mg/cm²之间,其中以‘中黄322’、‘中黄313’和‘中黄13’最低;叶型指数在1.35~3.51之间,其中以‘中黄70’、‘中黄80’和‘中黄42’最低。供试大豆品种分为3个类群,第I类群品种单叶面积小,比叶重高,叶型指数大,翻叶率为1.03%;第III类群品种单叶面积大,比叶重小,翻叶率高达19.7%;第II类群共4个品种,单叶面积、比叶重、叶型指数、翻叶率介于第I类和第III类群之间。翻叶后显著降低叶片净光合速率,平均降幅31.7%,粒数较多的‘新大豆27号’百粒重降低10.38%~22.4%,而粒数少的‘吉育60’粒重没有降低。大豆上层叶片单叶面积大、比叶重小及叶型指数低的叶片翻叶率高,翻叶降低叶片净光合速率,进而降低同节位百粒重及单节粒重,不利于大豆高产。     

不同外援营养液对白灵菇生长的影响

以白灵菇菌株TN01为试材,选取香菇、杏鲍菇、白玉菇3种食用菌菇根为原料配制外援营养液,测定各营养液主要成分含量,并研究了不同类型与浓度营养液对白灵菇菌丝及子实体生长的影响,以期为白灵菇的高产栽培技术提供参考依据。结果表明:与常规PDA培养基相比,适量加入白玉菇菇根提取液可提高白灵菇菌丝生长速度;添加外援营养液对子实体的农艺性状影响不大,对产量有一定的促进作用,其中施用香菇菇根提取液的白灵菇子实体产量最高,小区总产量与对照相比提高了54.6%。施用香菇菇根提取液后对白灵菇子实体中的硝酸盐含量及蛋白质含量有提升的效果,但对亚硝酸盐及粗纤维含量无促增长的效果。     

Agronomic traits at the seedling stage,yield, and fiber quality in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars in response to phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Cotton is critical for phosphorus demands and very sensitive for its deficiency. However, identifying the effect of low-phosphorus tolerance on cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality by reducing phosphorus consumption. This may help to develop phosphorus-tolerant high-yielding cotton cultivars. In a two-year repeated (2015 and 2016) hydroponic experiment (using 0.01 and 1 mM KH₂PO₄), two cotton cultivars with phosphorus sensitivity (Lu 54; a low-phosphorus sensitive and Yuzaomian 9110; a low-phosphorus tolerant) were screened on the base of agronomic traits and physiological indices through correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis from 16 cotton cultivars. Low phosphorus nutrition reduced the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, phosphorus accumulation and biomass in various organs of seedlings. The deficiency negatively affected the morphogenesis of seedlings, as well as yield and fiber quality. Further, these screened cultivars were tested in a pot experiment with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 during 2016 and 2017. It was found to have a significant (P< 0.05) difference in boll number, lint yield, fiber strength, and micronaire at the harvest. Furthermore, after collectively analyzed the characteristics of Lu 54 and Yuzaomian 9110, there were six key indices that could improve the low phosphorus tolerance of cotton cultivars. These were root phosphorus accumulation, stem phosphorus accumulation percentage, leaf and total biomass of seedlings, seed cotton weight per boll and fiber length.     

Early interspecific dynamics,dry matter production and nitrogen use in Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed intercropping

ABSTRACT

The global interest in growing perennial grain crops such as intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (Kernza) for production of food and feed is increasing. Intercropping Kernza with legumes may be a sustainable way of supplying nitrogen to soil and associated intercrop. We determined the competitive interactions between intercropped Kernza (K) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (A) under three inorganic nitrogen (N) rates N0, N1, N2 (0, 200, 400 kg ha^?1) and five species relative frequencies (SRF) (100%K:0%A, 75%K:25%A, 50%K:50%A, 25%K:75%A and 0% K:100%A) in mixed intercrops (MI) in a greenhouse pot experiment. After 11 weeks of growth. Kernza dry matter yield (DM) and N accumulated (NACC) were low, but alfalfa DM and NACC high at 0 kg N ha^?1. 200 and 400 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application increased the competitive ability (CA) of Kernza and reduced the CA of alfalfa. SRF had large impacts on alfalfa DM, NACC and NFIX only at 0 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser, and insignificant impacts on Kernza at all N fertiliser levels, indicating that adjustment of SRF may not be an effective way to modulate the interspecific competition of Kernza. Further research on the other factors that influence the interspecific competition are warranted.     

湿地松产脂量与生长及树冠性状多点遗传相关及通径分析

为研究湿地松生长及树冠性状与产脂量之间的遗传相关关系及其对产脂量的控制途径,以赣北、赣中和赣南等多种典型立地条件下的28年生湿地松家系试验林为研究对象,对112个湿地松家系进行产脂量、生长及树冠性状全林调查,并对测定数据进行分析。结果表明,除枝下高外,产脂量与生长及树冠性状均呈显著或极显著遗传正相关关系,遗传相关系数排名前四的性状分别为胸径(R=0.93)、树冠表面积(R=0.83)、冠长(R=0.78)和冠幅(R=0.73);通径分析中,胸径、树高、树冠表面积和冠幅通过直接和间接作用成为影响产脂量的主导因素,其决定系数贡献率分别为0.557、0.507、0.424和0.240;产脂量与生长、树冠性状的线性回归方程为:y=-0.255+0.040x_(DBH)+0.004x_(HGT)+0.006x_(CSA)+0.036x_(CW)(F=955.907^**, R²=0.559),模型的预估精度为99.64%。本试验结果明确了湿地松生长及树冠性状与产脂量之间的关系,其中,树高、胸径、冠幅和树冠表面积对产脂量影响较大;建立的产脂量多元回归模型具有一定的现实意义,实现了对树高、胸径和树冠表面积等性状的快速测定预估产脂量,为湿地松产脂量的科学、准确与高效预测提供了依据。     

经济作物替代薯稻三熟制早稻对肥料利用、土壤养分和经济效益的影响

为缩短“薯-稻-稻”三熟制作物早稻的生育期,促进“薯-稻-稻”茬口顺畅衔接,提高整体经济效益,本研究以不同经济作物替代早稻,分别在2016年惠东县和2017年白云区试点进行田间试验,共设置5个处理:休耕T₀(空白对照,不种任何作物)、常规处理T_CK(早稻)、T₁(黄瓜)、T₂(豆角)、T₃(甜玉米),探究不同春播经济作物生育期、产量、种植效益和肥料效率及土壤酶活的差异。结果表明,种植黄瓜、豆角和甜玉米替代早稻均可明显增加经济效益和缩短生育期。其中,T₃效果最优,与T_CK相比,单位面积种植效益增加了1.32~3.72 元·m^-2,生育期缩短了37~43 d,收获指数提高了18.6%~20.1%;同时,增加了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,增强了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。综上,甜玉米等经济作物代替早稻形成的“经济作物-中晚稻-冬种马铃薯”三熟轮作模式可以使作物茬口衔接更加顺畅,提升三季作物的整体经济效益,对农民增收具有积极作用。本研究为优化广东乃至华南“薯-稻-稻”三熟区的种植模式提供了理论基础和实践依据。     

陇薯系列高淀粉马铃薯品种的淀粉产量及品质性状综合评价

为了评价高淀粉马铃薯品种的综合品质性状,本研究以甘肃省农业科学院育成的15个马铃薯品种(系)为参试材料,2011-2018年连续8年定点田间试验,测定了块茎产量、营养品质(干物质、淀粉、维生素C、粗蛋白)含量和矿物质元素(钾、钙、铁、锌)含量。结果表明,参试材料的块茎产量和营养品质含量均存在显著的基因型、环境及基因型与环境的互作效应,其中块茎产量、淀粉产量、干物质含量、淀粉含量性状的基因型效应大于环境效应,而营养品质中的维生素C、粗蛋白和还原糖含量的环境效应大于基因型效应。参试材料的块茎产量24 549~50 140 kg·hm^-2,淀粉产量4 271~9 298 kg·hm^-2,干物质含量21.07%~30.18%,淀粉含量14.63%~21.83%,维生素C含量12.20~18.95 mg·100g^-1,粗蛋白含量2.17%~2.71%,还原糖含量0.18%~0.43%,钾含量4 316~5 368 mg·kg^-1,钙含量85.10~138.40 mg·kg^-1,铁含量10.17~24.50 mg·kg^-1,锌含量2.45~3.80 mg·kg^-1。大西洋的衍生品种陇薯8号、陇薯9号、陇薯12号、陇薯14号、L0527-2、L08104-12、LZ111和L1149-2淀粉含量均超过18%,其中,L1149-2总体表现优异,其平均块茎产量50 140 kg·hm^-2、淀粉产量9 298 kg·hm^-2、干物质含量26.75%、淀粉含量19.30%、维生素C含量14.62 mg·100g^-1、粗蛋白含量2.52%、还原糖含量0.28%、钾含量5 297 mg·kg^-1、钙含量138.40 mg·kg^-1、铁含量20.40 mg·kg^-1、锌含量3.20 mg·kg^-1;而陇薯5号淀粉产量及营养品质较差。本研究为合理利用陇薯系列高淀粉马铃薯品种提供了科学依据,对改良高淀粉马铃薯品种产量和品质具有指导意义。